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26
The state is a product of society at a definite stage of its development. Private property divides men and
allows them to exploit each other and in this way class contradictions begin. The special machinery created by
the class of exploiters — the state helps them to keep order. In a class society the state is an instrument of
political power of the ruling class. The state is a system of official institutions and organs. This system of
organs is the machinery of government, the state machine. This machine includes such organs as the army, the
police, the courts. The other part of the state machine consists of the system of state organs including the chief
of the state (an individual or collective), parliament, government, departments and other organs. These organs
are political;
they are the organs of state power of the ruling class. The constitution, legislation or traditions
regulate the power of each state organ. Different types of states have different functions. That's why we speak
about the state only as the historical category.
Notes: 1. either
— в отрицательных предложениях соответствует русским словам тоже, так
же.
Слова too, also в отрицательных предложениях не употребляются.
4.3.4. Расскажите о том, что сейчас происходит в аудитории.
4.3.5. Некоторые студенты не понимают разницы между Simple Present и Present Continuous.
Объясните им эту разницу, используя следующие пары предложений:
1. Listen! The teacher's explaining a very difficult thing. He always explains difficult things carefully.
2. John speaks three foreign languages. Just now he's speaking French on the phone.
3. Pete usually doesn't work much but now he's working very hard preparing for the seminar.
4.3.6. Проверьте, как вы и ваши друзья понимаете разницу между Present Continuous и Simple
Present. Выберите правильный вариант в скобках:
1. I ...three articles a week (translate, am translating).
2. Don't enter the classroom. The students ... an exam now (take, are taking).
3. He always ... dinner at this time (has, is having).
4. It often ... in Rostov in November (rains, is raining).
5. Listen! Ann ... in the next room (sings, is singing).
6. He always ... in his room (keeps order, is keeping order).
4.3.7. Предположим, что вы — Петр Соколов. Расскажите, что вы сейчас делаете.
*4.3.8. Скажите по-английски:
1. Сейчас правительство готовит новое законодательство. 2. В классовом обществе частная
собственность разделяет людей. 3. Посмотри! Полиция атакует рабочих. 4. Ваш юрист говорит сейчас
по телефону. 5. Где Петр? — Он сейчас в библиотеке конспектирует статью о государстве. 6. Что сейчас
делает Стив?—Он готовится к новому процессу (trial). 7. Почему ты делишь яблоко на две части? —
Одну половину — тебе, одну — себе. 8. Обычно он работает в библиотеке, но сегодня он работает дома.
4.3.9. Найдите в тексте Participle I и Participle II.
Определите их функции.
4.3.10. Объявляем соревнование на звание лучшего переводчика! Победитель получит приз. Будьте
внимательны, переводя следующие предложения:
1. The legislation prepared by this department is very important.
2. The student answering now is rather good at this subject.
3. Trying to keep order the police often arrests the demonstrators.
4. There are some state institutions regulating the life of the society.
5. He's working very hard making notes and reading a lot.
6. Divided by the private property men begin to exploit each other.
7. Created by the class of exploiters the state is the instrument of their political power.
8. Do you know the judge speaking to Steve now?
4.3.11. Автор рассказа не совсем уверен, какое причастие употребить: Participle I или Participle II.
Помогите ему.
The man ... at the window is my uncle John (standing, stood). He's rather unusual person. He's got five
pets... in his house (living, lived). One of these pets ... Greeny is a young crocodile (calling, called). It lives in
the bathroom and ... anybody but his master to come in (allowing, allowed). The other pet is a parrot ... to speak
(teaching, taught). He says rather strange things sometimes. The other two pets are bulldogs ... at everybody...
to the door of the flat (barking, barked) (coming, come). It's not surprising that uncle John lives alone... by his
wife two years ago when his fifth pet — a large snake ... to him by a famous travellor appeared in his flat
(leaving, left) (presenting, presented).