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have" (E. Hemingway). Well, you must come to me now for anything you want, or I shall be quite cut up (J.
Galsworthy). "You might as well sit down," said Javotte (J. Erskine).
Compare semantically more complex constructions in which the meaning of inducement is expressed as a
result of interaction of different grammatical elements of an utterance with its notional lexical elements:
"And if you'll excuse me, Lady Eileen, I think it's time you were going back to bed." The firmness of his
tone admitted of no parley (A. Christie). If you have anything to say to me, Dr Trench, I will listen to you
patiently. You will then allow me to say what I have to say on my part (B. Shaw).
Inducive constructions, according to the described general tendency, can be used to express a declarative
meaning complicated by corresponding connotations. Such utterances are distinguished by especially high
expressiveness and intensity. E.g.:
The Forsyte in him said: "Think, feel, and you're done for!" (J. Galsworthy)
Due to its expressiveness this kind of declarative inducement, similar to rhetorical questions, is used in
maxims and proverbs. E.g:.
Talk of the devil and he will appear. Roll my log and I will roll yours. Live and learn. Live and let live.
Compare also corresponding negative statements of the formal imperative order:
Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. Don't cross the bridge till you get to it.
§ 11. Imperative and interrogative sentences make up the third pair of opposed cardinal communicative
sentence types serving as a frame for intermediary communicative patterns.
Imperative sentences performing the essential function of interrogative sentences are such as induce the
listener not to action, but to speech. They may contain indirect questions. E.g.:
"Tell me about your upbringing." - "I should like to hear about yours" (EJ. Howard). "Please tell me what I
can do. There must be something I can do." - "You can take the leg off and that might stop it..." (E.
Hemingway).
The reverse intermediary construction, i.e. inducement effected in the form of question, is employed in
order to convey such additional shades of meaning as request, invitation, suggestion, softening of a command,
etc. E.g.:
"Why don't you get Aunt Em to sit instead. Uncle? She's younger than I am any day, aren't you. Auntie?" (J.
Galsworthy). "Would - would you like to come?" - "I would," said Jimmy heartily. "Thanks ever so much. Lady
Coote" (A. Christie).
Additional connotations in inducive utterances having the form of questions may be expressed by various
modal constructions. E.g.:
Can I take you home in a cab? (W. Saroyan) "Could you tell me," said Dinny, "of any place close by where
I could get something to eat?" (J. Galsworthy) I am really quite all right. Perhaps you will help me up the stairs?
(A. Christie)
In common use the expression of inducement is effected in die form of a disjunctive question. The post-
positional interrogative tag imparts to the whole inducive utterance a more pronounced or less pronounced
shade of a polite request or even makes it into a pleading appeal. Cf.:
Find out tactfully what he wants, will you? (J. Tey). And you will come too, Basil, won't you? (0. Wilde)
§ 12. The undertaken survey of lingual facts shows that the combination of opposite cardinal
communicative features displayed by communicatively intermediary sentence patterns is structurally systemic
and functionally justified. It is justified because it meets quite definite expressive requirements. And it is
symmetrical in so far as each cardinal communicative sentence type is characterized by the same tendency of
functional transposition in relation to the two other communicative types opposing it. It means that within each
of the three cardinal communicative oppositions two different intermediary communicative sentence models are
established, so that at a further level of specification, the communicative classification of sentences should be
expanded by six subtypes of sentences of mixed communicative features. These are, first, mixed sentence
patterns of declaration (interrogative-declarative, imperative-declarative); second, mixed sentence patterns of
interrogation (declarative-interrogative, imperative-interrogative); third, mixed sentence patterns of inducement
(declarative-imperative, interrogative-imperative). All the cited intermediary communicative types of sentences
belong to living, productive syntactic means of language and should find the due reflection both in theoretical
linguistic description and in practical language teaching.