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классицизма, Энгр отказался от революционности стиля своего учителя и стремился уйти от
реальной жизни в мир идеального.
В картинах 1810-х годов, оставаясь преданным античным темам, Энгр обращался и к
сюжетам из средневековья. Основным произведением художника в это время стал алтарный
образ для церкви города Монтобана. Энгр решил образ мадонны близким к Сикстинской
мадонне. Эта работа принесла художнику успех в Салоне в 1824 году. Однако некоторые
произведения Энгра, такие как "Портрет художника Франсуа Мариуса Гране" и
"Купальщица Вальпинсон", предвещают новое мироощущение романтиков.
Последние годы жизни Энгра были омрачены битвами сначала с романтиками во главе с
Делакруа, затем с реалистами, которых возглавлял Курбе.
VI. Summarize the text.
VII. Topics for discussion.
1. The principles of Ingres's painting.
2. Ingres's style and characters.
UNIT V GOYA (1776-1828)
The greatest artistic genius of the turn of the eighteenth century was a Spaniard, Francisco Jose
de Goya у Lucientes. He made a trip to Italy and was not impressed either by antiquity or by the
Renaissance. Goya was a lifelong rebel against artistic or intellectual straitjackets. He managed to
skip the Neo-classical phase entirely and passed directly from a personal version of the Rococo to
Romantic stage.
In 1786 Goya was appointed painter to the king and in 1799 he became the first court painter.
After 1792 Goya was totally deaf, and it liberated him from some of the trivialities of life for
meditation on its deeper significance. Goya's brilliant portraits of the royal court may have been
influenced by Gainsborough. But his characterisations are far more vivid, human and satiric. Goya's
supreme achievement in portraiture is the Family of Charles IV, painted in 1800, an inspired parody
of Velazquez's Las Meninas. Thirteen members of the royal family, representing three generations,
are assembled in a picture gallery of the palace, with Goya himself painting a large canvas in the
shadows at the left. The king, with his red face and with his chest blazing with decorations, and the
ugly ill-natured queen are painted as they were. Alfonce Daudet called them "the baker's family
who have just won the big lottery prize". Goya's purpose is deeper than satire: he has unmasked
these people as evil. Only some of the children escape his condemnation.
The Maja Desnuda is one of the most delightful paintings of the female nude in history. There
exists a sketchier clothed version of the picture. The nude was formerly explained as an unconven-
tional portrait of the duchess of Alba, a patron and a close friend of Goya's.
The frivolity of this picture contrasts with Goya's denunciation of the inhumanity of warfare, of
which the most monumental example is The Third of May, 1808, at Madrid: The Shooting on
Principe Pio Mountain, depicting the execution of Madrid rebels by Napoleonic soldiery. The
painting commissioned by the liberal government after the expulsion of the French in 1814 and
'done in the same year, is the earliest explicit example of "social protest" in art. Previously the
warfare had been generally depicted as glorious, cruelties - as inevitable. Goya treats the firing
squad as a many-legged, faceless monster, before whose level, bayoneted guns are pushed groups of
helpless victims, the first already shattered by bullets and streaming with blood, the next
gesticulating wildly in the last seconds of life, the third hiding the horror from their eyes with their
hands. A paper lantern gives the only light; in the dimness the nearest houses and the church tower
of the city almost blend with the earth against the night sky. Through the medium of broad
brushstrokes, Goya communicates unbearable emotion with thick pigment, achieving at once a
timeless universality and an immediacy of the reality of the event.
Goya's passionate humanity speaks uncensored through his engravings. Goya made several
series of etching-aquatints, the earliest of which Los Caprichos (The Caprices), of 1796-98, is
widely imaginative. The first section, dealing satirically with events from daily life, is surpassed by