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Up to then Roy never realized that our Solar system is but a tiny speck in the infinite Universe.
The other day I read in a book that everything alive consists mostly of water.
She was very young and - and ignorant of what life really is.
2) when the subordinate clause describes actions referring to the actual present, future, or past time,
which usually occurs in dialogues or in newspaper, radio, or TV reports.
Margaret, I was saying to you - and I beg you to listen to me – that as far as I have known Mrs. Erlynne,
she has conducted herself well.
“Before the flier crashed,” the operator said ten minutes later, “he gave me information. He told me there
are still a few men alive in these mountains.”
I did not know he will be here tomorrow.
3) when the predicate verb of the subordinate clause is one of the modal verbs having no past tense
forms.
She said I must come at once.
I thought you should come too.
The category of voice
§ 64. Voice is the grammatical category of the verb denoting the relationship between the action expressed
by the verb and the person or non-person denoted by the subject of the sentence. There are two main voices in
English: the active voice and the passive voice. There are also other voices which embrace a very limited
number of verbs: reflexive (wash oneself), reciprocal (embrace one another), medial (the book reads well).
The active voice indicates that the action is directed from the subject or issues from the subject, thus the
subject denotes the doer (agent) of the action:
We help our friends. - Мы помогаем нашим друзьям.
The passive voice indicates that the action is directed towards the subject. Here the subject expresses a
person or non-person who or which is the receiver of the action. It does not act, but is acted upon and therefore
affected by the action of the verb.
We were helped by our friends in our work.
В работе нам помогли наши друзья.
The contrast between the two voices can be seen from the following examples:
I had asked no questions, of course; but then, on the
other hand, I had been asked none.
They saw but were not seen.
Я не задавал вопросов, но, с другой стороны, и мне
не задавали вопросов.
Они видели, но их не видели.
The difference in the meaning of the forms helped - were helped, had asked - had been asked, saw - was
seen illustrates the morphological contrast between the active and the passive voice.
Of all the verb categories voice is most closely related to the syntax of the sentence. The interrelation of the
active and the passive voice on the syntactical level can be presented in the following way:
Subject
Predicate Verb
Object
John
helped
Pete
Pete
was helped
by John