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3. Syntactically indivisible coordinated phrases in which neither component can be removed and which
make one indivisible part of the sentence. .
Four and four is eight.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
4. Sentences where the predicate consists of two parts joined by the conjunction and which in this case has
no copulative meaning.
Try and do it properly
Come and help me
= Try to do it properly.
= Come to help me.
The appended modifier ()
§ 191. Another way of sentence extension, but based on syntactical parallelism or doubling, is an appended
modifier, which usually is parenthetic and follows the headword as an afterthought. It is a dependent part,
which can refer to practically any part of the sentence and answer the same question, but in a fuller and more
detailed way, narrowing or particularizing the notion, expressed by the headword. Therefore the headword is
usually more general in meaning than the appended part; very often it is a pronoun, made explicit by the
following nouns.
They were alike, his father and he.
Being a dependent part of the sentence, the appended modifier still cannot be opposed either to the main, or
to secondary parts of the sentence. Its dependence also accounts for the reason why the appended part cannot be
considered as homogeneous with the headword. Besides they are very often morphologically inacceptable in
the structure of the sentence:
Her face was very pale - a greyish pallor.
His daily trips were really very easy - about a mile and a half.
There was very little to do - parading with the Company inspection, a little drill, orderly officers
occasionally.
Appended parts may be joined asyndetically, and in this case they are marked off graphically by a comma or
a dash. They may be also joined by some conjunctions (and, or), or else by explanatory words (namely, that is,
i.e. (= that is), to wit, for example, for instance); also by intensifying particles (almost, especially, etc.).
Language makers, that is ordinary speakers, are not very accurate thinkers.
He had discovered that he had a talent for mathematics - almost a genius for it.
Another way of linking the appended modifier to its headword is the repetition of the same part with
modifying words.
My object is secure happiness - the happiness of both of us.
There are three structural types of appended modifiers.
1. The most common case of an appended modifier is when a different word or even a different
morphological form refers to the headword. Standing for identical notions, the appended part gives a fuller and
more detailed nomination of the same concept. In some way appended modifiers of this type resemble