 |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
28
(The past tense, perfective, momentary.)
He has hit me twice.
Он ударил меня два раза.
(The past tense, perfective, iterative.)
I’ve already seen him.
Я его уже видел.
(The past tense, imperfective.)
She has seen the film three times.
Она смотрела этот фильм три раза.
(The past tense, imperfective, iterative.)
They’ve lived here for seven years.
Они живут здесь семь лет.
I’ve known her since 1975.
Я знаю ее с 1975 года.
(The present tense, inaperfective, durative.)
The present perfect continuous
§ 26. Formation. The present perfect continuous is formed analytically by means of the auxiliary to be in
the present perfect (have/has been) plus participle I of the notional verb.
In the interrogative the first auxiliary (have/has) comes before the subject, the second auxiliary (been) and
participle I follow the subject.
In the negative the corresponding negative forms of the first auxiliary (have) are used, the second auxiliary
(been) and participle I follow them.
The paradigm of the verb in the present perfect continuous
Affirmative
Interrogative
I have been speaking
He (she, it) has been speaking
We have been speaking
You have been speaking
They have been speaking
Have I been speaking?
Has he (she, it) been speaking?
Have we been speaking?
Have you been speaking?
Have they been speaking?
Negative
Contracted negative
I have not been speaking
He (she, it) has not been speaking
We have not been speaking
You have not been speaking
They have not been speaking
I haven’t been speaking
He (she, it) hasn’t been speaking
We haven’t been speaking
You haven’t been speaking
They haven’t been speaking
Negative-interrogative
a)
Have I not been speaking?
Has he (she, it) not been speaking?
Have we not been speaking?
Have you not been speaking?
Have they not been speaking?
b)
Haven’t I been speaking?
Hasn’t he (she, it) been speaking?
Haven’t we been speaking?
Haven’t you been speaking?
Haven’t they been speaking?
The present perfect continuous is used mainly in conversation.
§ 27. The present perfect continuous is used with actional verbs to denote:
1. Actions in progress which begin at a certain moment in the past and continue into the present. In
this case either the starting point of the action or the period of time during which it has been in progress is