 |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
208
express surprise, joy, disappointment, anger, etc.
Oh! Really? (surprise)
Oh! How glad I am to see you. (joy)
Oh! I’m sorry! (disappointment)
Oh! Don’t be a stupid ass. (anger)
As a rule they do not make part of a phrase, but there are some cases when interjections may be connected
with a preposition plus a noun (pronoun) phrase.
We’ve done it. Hurray for us!
Alas for my hopes!
Note:
In these combinations the interjections acquire some verbal character.
SYNTAX
INTRODUCTION
Syntax is the part of grammar which deals with sentences and combinability of words. The core of syntax is
the study of the sentence. Syntax embraces on the one hand the structure of the sentence, that is, its
components, their structure and the relations between these components, and on the other hand structural and
communicative types of sentences.
THE SENTENCE
§ 1. Anything that is said in the act of communication is called an utterance. Most utterances are sentences,
although there are some which are not sentences and are called non-sentence utterances. Thus utterances fall
into two groups: sentences and non-sentence utterances.
Sentences may be regarded from the point of view of their structure and their communicative value.
Structural classification of sentences
§ 2. From the point of view of their structure, sentences can be:
1. Simple or composite (compound and complex).
2. Complete or incomplete (elliptical).
3. Two-member (double-nucleus) or one-member (single-nucleus).
These three classifications are based on different approaches to the structural organisation of sentences and
reflect its different aspects.
The difference between the simple sentence and the composite sentence lies in the fact
that the former contains only one subject-predicate unit and the latter more than one. Subject-predicate units
that form composite sentences are called clauses.
Honesty is the best policy. (one subject-predicate unit)
Still waters run deep. (one subject-predicate unit)
You can take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink, (two subject-predicate units, or two
clauses)
You never know what you can do till you try. (three subject-predicate units, or three clauses)
The difference between the compound and complex sentence lies in the relations between the