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20
to catch [k?t?]
- he catches ['k?t?
?
z];
b) -s if the final letters of the stem are -se, -ce, -ze, -ge, -dge
(i.e. sibilants and affricates plus the mute e):
to please [pli:z]
to place [ple?s]
to freeze [fri:z]
to stage [ste?d?]
to sledge [sled?]
- he pleases ['pli:z?z]
- he places ['ple?z?z]
- he freezes ['fri:z?z]
- he stages ['ste?d??z]
- he sledges ['sled??z].
§ 17. Interrogative and negative forms of the present indefinite are analytical and are built by means of the
present indefinite of the auxiliary to do and the infinitive of the notional verb.
Besides these there is one more type of forms, namely negative-interrogative forms, which has two
possible patterns.
The paradigm of the verb in the present indefinite
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I speak
He (she, it) speaks
We speak
You speak
They speak
Do I speak?
Does he (she, it) speak?
Do we speak?
Do you speak?
Do they speak?
I do not (don’t) speak
He (she, it) does not (doesn’t) speak
We do not (don’t) speak
You do not (don’t) speak
They do not (don’t) speak
Negative-interrogative
a)
Do I not speak?
Does he (she, it) not speak?
Do we not speak?
Do you not speak?
Do they not speak?
b)
Don’t I speak?
Doesn’t he (she, it) speak?
Don’t we speak?
Don’t you speak?
Don’t they speak?
Note:
The auxiliary to do can occur in the affirmative form as well, if special emphasis is required. In this case the
auxiliary is always stressed:
Ask him again, he ‘does know what it was.
She ‘does help me so much!
§ 18. There are some verbs that form their present indefinite in a different way.
These are:
1) The verb to be, which has synthetic forms not only for affirmative, but also for interrogative, negative and
negative-interrogative structures. Besides, it distinguishes the category of number and has in the singular the
category of person*.
* See the table on p. 339.
2) The verb to have when meaning to possess also builds its interrogative, negative and negative-
interrogative forms synthetically.
When the verb to have has a modal meaning or when it is used as part of a phrase verb it makes its
interrogative, negative and negative-interrogative forms in the ordinary way, that is with the auxiliary to do:
When do you have to get up in order to catch the first morning train?