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128
When combined with the perfect infinitive should denotes criticism, faultfinding; the statement indicates
that something desirable has not been done.
Your shoes are wet. You should have stayed at home.
You should have put more sugar in the pie. It isn’t sweet enough.
He hasn’t brought the book back, though he should have brought it last week.
A negative statement indicates that something wrong has been done.
You shouldn’t have done that. It was stupid.
(Вам не следовало это делать).
They should never have married. They are so unhappy.
Им вообще не следовало (не нужно было) жениться.
Не shouldn’t have taken the corner at such speed.
Ему не следовало поворачивать за угол на такой скорости.
2. Advice, desirability. This meaning is more common with ought to than with should.
You should stay in bed.
Вам нужно (следует) лежать в постели.
I think you should read this book.
Думаю, что тебе следует (стоит) прочесть эту книгу.
You should consult a doctor.
Показался бы ты врачу. (Тебе следует показаться врачу.)
As is seen from the above examples, it is sometimes difficult
to discriminate between the first and the
second meaning.
3. Probability, something naturally expected (only with reference to the present or future).
The effect of the tax should be felt in high prices (will probably be felt).
We needn’t get ready yet. The guests shouldn’t come for another hour.
Гости вряд ли придут раньше, чем через час.
Shall
§ 162. In present-day English shall is not a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning of
obligation with the function of an auxiliary verb in the future tense.
As a modal verb shall is not translated into Russian, usually its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation.
Shall combined with only a non-perfect infinitive expresses:
1. Promise, oath, or strong intention. In this meaning shall is used with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak
stress.
It shall be done as you wish.
You shall never know a sad moment, Lenny, if I can help it.
He shall get his money.
“I want this luggage taken to my room”.
“It shall be taken up at once, sir.” - Его сейчас же отнесут наверх, сэр.