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12
Formation of participle I
§ 7. Participle I of both regular and irregular verbs is composed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the
verb. In writing the following rules of spelling are observed:
1) if the stem ends in a mute -e, the -e is dropped before adding -ing:
skate - skating
2) if the stem ends in a single consonant letter preceded by a short vowel of a stressed syllable, the
consonant letter is doubled:
stop - stopping
nod - nodding
stir – stirring
permit – permitting
refer - referring
compel – compelling
3) if the stem ends in -l after a short vowel of an unstressed syllable, the -l is doubled (in British English):
travel – travelling
cancel – cancelling
The same refers to some words ending in -p:
kidnap - kidnapping
handicap- handicapping
worship – worshipping
4)
verbs ending in -ie drop the final -e and change i into у before taking the suffix -ing:
lie – lying
die – dying
Note:
The same rules apply to the formation of the gerund.
Semantic classifications of the verb
§ 8. Semantic classifications of the verb may be undertaken from different standpoints.
Grammatically important is the devision of verbs into the following classes:
Actional verbs, which denote actions proper (do, make, go, read, etc.) and statal verbs, which
denote state (be, exist, lie, sit, know, etc.) or relations (fit, belong, have, match, cost, etc.). The
difference in their categorical meaning affects their morphological paradigm: statal and relational
verbs have no passive voice (though some have forms coinciding with the passive voice as in The curtains
and the carpet were matched). Also statal and relational verbs generally are not used in the
continuous and perfect continuous tenses. Their occasional use in these tenses is always exceptional and results
in the change of meaning.
From the syntactic standpoint verbs may be subdivided into transivite (переходные) and intransitive
(непереходные) ones.
Without the object the meaning of the transitive verb is incomplete or entirely different. Transitive verbs
may be followed:
a) by one direct object (monotransitive verbs);
Jane is helping her sister.
b) by a direct and an indirect objects (ditransitive verbs);
Jane gave her sister an apple.
c) by a prepositional object (prepositional transitive verbs):
Jane looks after her sister.