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104
если бы она была там ... , ... но будучи там ...).
Well, we’ll be in Scotland afore we know where we are, going at this speed (... если будем двигаться с
такой скоростью).
Participle I as part of the compound verbal predicate
§ 134. Non-perfect participle I can be part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation. Within this
type of predicate participle I follows verbs of sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, to catch,
also some causative verbs, such as to keep, to leave in the passive voice.
Jane was heard playing the piano.
Paul was found working in the garden.
The boy was caught teasing the cat.
I was kept waiting an hour or so.
I was left standing on the stage.
In this type of predicate participle I active is generally used, though occasionally non-perfect participle I
passive is to be found.
He flicks the switch and “Roll Out the Barrel” is heard being whistled.
The predicate of double orientation consists of two parts: the first is oriented on somebody implied, and the
second refers semantically to the doer of the action expressed by the subject. Thus the first example means that
somebody heard that Jane was playing the piano.* Therefore sentences with this type of predicate are translated
into Russian by indefinite personal or impersonal sentences, complex or simple, depending on the verb in the
passive voice.
* See p. II Syntax, § 53 The compound verbal predicate of double orientation; also § 123 Predicative complexes (the subjective
predicative construction).
Слышали (слышно было), как Джейн играет на рояле.
Меня заставили ждать почти целый час.
Participle I as predicative
§ 135. In the position of predicative only non-perfect participle I active occurs, its adjectival character being
predominant. Although keeping the form of the participle, it is treated as an adjective, or a deverbal adjective.
The participle in this position gives the qualitative characterization to the person or thing used as subject (or
object, in the case of the objective predicative).
The story is amusing.
Your answer is surprising.
We found him dying
- I find the story amusing.
- I consider your answer surprising.
- We found that he was dying.
Participle I as predicative may be used with other linkverbs, in which case it may keep its verbal character,
as in:
Isadora remained standing.
Participle I as independent element (parenthesis)
§ 136. Participle I as parenthesis forms the headword of a participial phrase, the meaning of which is a
comment upon the contents of the whole sentence or sometimes part of it. The comment may take the form of a
logical restriction or personal attitude. Here we find such participial phrases as generally (properly, roughly,
legally, strictly) speaking, putting it mildly, judging by (from), allowing for, taking everything into
consideration, etc.