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The perfect participle of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of time between the two actions, or
when the action denoted by the participle is durative. Compare the following examples:
Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her. But: Having seen tine girl only once, I didn’t recognize her.
Not having seen her for a long time, I didn’t recognize her.
Sometimes the perfect participle is used to emphasize priority. Compare these examples:
Her husband, finding the right key, fits it into the lock of the bureau.
Having found the place he sought, Bateman sent in his card to the manager.
Non-perfect participle I may denote a posterior action, immediately following the first action, forming its
part or being its result, as in:
Lizzy left the room, banging the door shut.
John fell, hurting his knee.
There may be a lapse of time between the first and the second (posterior) action. This is evident from the
context.
I then hired a car and went home, arriving just before twelve о'clock.
We left at dawn, returning late.
As seen from the above examples non-perfect participle I denoting a prior action usually precedes the
predicate verb. When it denotes a posterior action, it stands always after the predicate verb. In both cases it
corresponds to the Russian perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) (приехав, повернув, услышав,
сняв, поднявшись, найдя, хлопнув, вернувшись).
The category of voice
§ 130. Participle I of transitive verbs, both non-perfect and perfect, has voice distinctions, which are realized
in the contrast of active and passive forms:
Translating from English into Russian, she should
know well both languages.
Having translated the text into Russian, we handed it
to the teacher.
Being translated into many languages, the novel is
known all over the world.
Having been translated long ago, the novel is likely to
be re-translated.
Participle I active denotes an action directed from the doer of the action, while participle I passive denotes
an action directed towards it.
The carrier of the action may coincide with the subject of the sentence, as in the above examples. It may also
be a noun modified by participle I used attributively, in whatever function the noun is used:
Do you know the students translating the text?
Have you read the text being translated by the students?
The doer of the action may be expressed by the nominal element of a predicative construction:
I heard someone mentioning your name.
I heard your name being mentioned at the conference.
Non-perfect participle I active of transitive verbs can be contrasted not only with participle I passive, but
also with participle II: