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From: Foreign Affairs, 1986.
MORALITY AND FOREIGN POLICY: APPENDIX
Excerpts from : THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
Statement issued by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill, after their meeting «at sea» on
August 14,1941
The President of the United States and the Prime Minister Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's
Government in the United Kingdom, being met together , deem it right to make known certain common
principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future
for the world.
….
Fourth: They will endeavor , with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all
states , great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms to the trade and to the raw materials of
the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
….
Sixth: After the destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all
nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all
the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom and want;
Eighth: They believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons, must come
to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments
continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they
believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament
of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will
lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
HUMAN MIGRATION:
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
WILLIAM H. McNEILL
1)
Defending hearth and home against strangers, on the one hand, and roving to far places in search of
food and excitement, on the other, have always been opposing poles of human experience. They tend to
5
manifest themselves most strongly at different stages of the life cycle: roving being an affair of youth,
home-keeping of adulthood as well as of infancy and old age. The roving pattern of behavior has obvious
biological advantages: apart from expanding the range of genetic mingling and variation, rovers
10
occasionally discovered new foods and in rare instances even opened up new ecological niches for human
occupancy. Their restless movements continually probed for new possibilities and tested old barriers,
usually finding nothing of importance to other human beings, but every so often opening the way for
15
critically important technological, geographical, and/or social breakthroughs.
2)
Roving behavior, therefore, had an important role in human (and prehuman) evolution. Humankind
could not have become the earth-girdling, dominant species we are without roving and without the
20
migrations that followed successful discovery of new possibilities made manifest by such roving. Human
occupation of the Americas and of previously islanded
lands of Oceania is only the most recent
—
and
geographically most extensive — example of processes that are as old as humankind.
25
3) My thesis is that from Sume'rian times until the latter decades of the nineteenth century
—
almost
throughout civilized history in other words — our currents of migration can be distinguished and were,
indeed, necessary for the maintenance of Eurasian civilized society. These four currents of migration