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temperature is raised.
«thermal» means:______________________.
9. Psychologists also study normal behavior, but they are particularly concerned with behavior that is
deviant.
«deviant» means:______________________.
10. The best example of a true social isolate would be a feral child, provided a child could actually be found
who had had no contact whatsoever with human society, and had been reared in the wilderness by animals.
«isolate» means :______________________.
«feral» means :_______________________.
11. The theme of a novel may be primarily didactic, and this teaching may be moral or social.
«didactic» means: _____________________.
7.2. Use of words indicating Spatial (Alternative spelling: «Spacial» ) Orientation or Movement
These words can be used both literally (to indicate an actual movement or position in space), or
metaphorically (to indicate something like movement or position). Determine whether the use of the underlined
spatial words is Literal (L) or Metaphorical (M) in each of the following sentences.
__ 1. But since the boundaries of Islam extend far beyond those of Iran what constitutes Iran's «self-
defence» becomes highly ambiguous.
__ 2. Iran protested the next day , contending that its plane had been attacked over «international waters»,
while the Saudis said that the plane had been downed in «Saudi» territorial waters.
__ 3. It was not until much later that pan-Turkism and pre-Arabism appeared on the political horizon and,
even then, there is some doubt as to what they really signified.
__ 4. The barrier separating the rich and the poor is seldom crossed.
__ 5. He was deeply in debt.
__ 6. Prices soared sky-high.
__ 7. He followed the ups and downs of the stock market.
__ 8. He arrived at a landmark decision during his first year as a judge.
B) Value Clues. You may find contextual clues relating to the worth or desirability of, or to the affect or
emotion aroused by, the difficult word.
a. Indicate whether the underlined words in the following sentences convey a positive or a negative meaning.
b. Underline the other words in the sentence that serve as value clues to the meaning of the difficult word.
1. The critic commended the work for its intellectual honesty.
2. Domestic effluents destroyed the formerly beautiful environment.
3. The sonorous bells awakened the villagers to another peaceful Sunday.
4. Beware of predatory men.
5. She was insulted by his condescension.
C. Function Clues:
Function clues relate to what someone or something does; how it, s/he functions.
7.3 In each of the following sentences, indicate the words or phrases which help us to understand how the
underlined word functions.
1. The foundation provides grants and scholarships to deserving students.
2. The minister was incarcerated in the Tower of London, where they held him until he was brought to trial.
3. They respected his anonymity by refusing to reveal his name and address.
4. The effect of his chicanery was to make everybody distrust everything he ever said or did thereafter.
SECTION VIII
SEMANTIC FIELDS
UNIT A: AREAS, SCRIPTS, TOPICS, CATEGORIES
When learning new vocabulary , try to attach the new words to something previously learned. It helps if you
try to categorize or group related words that share a «semantic field» (an area of meaning) . In English it pays
to focus on the way a word looks (as opposed to the way it sounds) when trying to decide what other words it