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Included into the system of pronouns are pronominal adverbs and verb-substitutes, in due accord with their
substitutional functions. Besides, notional words of broad meaning are identified as forming 'an intermediary
layer between the pronouns and notional words proper. Broad meaning words adjoin the pronouns by their
substitutional function. Cf:.
I wish at her age she'd leam to sit quiet and not do things. Flora's suggestion is making sense. I will
therefore briefly set down the circumstances which led to my being connected with the affair. Etc.
As a result of these generalizations, the lexical paradigm of nomination receives a complete substitutive
representation. Cf:. one, it, they...-do, make, act...-such, similar, same... - thus, so, there...
Symbolically the correlation of the nominal and pronominal paradigmatic schemes is stated as follows:
N-V-A-D- Npro - Vpro - Apro - Dpro.
§ 11. As a result of the undertaken analysis we have obtained a foundation for dividing the whole of the
lexicon on the upper level of classification into three unequal parts.
The first part of the lexicon forming an open set includes an indefinitely large number of notional words
which have a complete nominative function. In accord with the said function, these words can be referred to as
"names": nouns as substance names, verbs as process names, adjectives as primary property names and
adverbs as secondary property names. The whole notional set is represented by the four-stage derivational
paradigm of nomination.
The second part of the lexicon forming a closed set includes substitutes of names (pro-names). Here belong
pronouns, and also broad-meaning notional words which constitute various marginal subsets.
The third part of the lexicon also forming a closed set includes specifiers of names. These are function-
categorial words of various servo-status.
Substitutes of names (pro-names) and specifiers of names, while standing with the names in nominative
correlation as elements of the lexicon, at the same time serve as connecting links between the names within the
lexicon and their actual uses in the sentences of living speech.
CHAPTER V
NOUN: GENERAL
§ 1. The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of "substance" or "thingness". It follows from
this that the noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the
framework of the notional division of the lexicon.
The noun has the power, by way of nomination, to isolate different properties of substances (i.e. direct and
oblique qualities, and also actions and states as processual characteristics of substantive phenomena) and
present them as corresponding self-dependent substances. E.g.:
Her words were unexpectedly bitter. - We were struck by the unexpected bitterness of her words. At that
time he was down in his career, but we knew well that very soon he would be up again. - His career had its ups
and downs. The cable arrived when John was preoccupied with the arrangements for the party. - The arrival of
the cable interrupted his preoccupation with the arrangements for the party.
This natural and practically unlimited substantivization force establishes the noun as the central nominative
lexemic unit of language.
§ 2. The categorial functional properties of the noun are determined by its semantic properties.
The most characteristic substantive function of the noun is that of the subject in tbc sentence, since the
referent of the subject is the person or thing immediately named. The function of the object in the sentence is
also typical of the noun as the substance word. Other syntactic functions, i.e. attributive, adverbial, and even
predicative, although performed by the noun with equal ease, are not immediately characteristic of its
substantive quality as such. It should be noted that, while performing these non-substantive functions, the noun
essentially differs from the other parts of speech used in similar sentence positions. This may be clearly shown
by transformations shifting the noun from various non-subject syntactic positions into subject syntactic
positions of the same general semantic value, which is impossible with other parts of speech. E.g.:
Mary is a flower-girl. > The flower-girl (you are speaking of) is Mary. He lives in Glasgow. > Glasgow is
his place of residence. This happened three years ago.
>
Three years have elapsed since it happened.
Apart from the cited sentence-part functions, the noun is characterized by some special types of
combinability.
In particular, typical of the noun is the prepositional combinability with another noun, a verb, an adjective,