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162
It was you insisted on coming, because you didn't like restaurants (S. O'Casey). He's the one makes the notse
at night (E. Hemingway). And there's nothing more can be done (A. Christie).
The apo-koinou construction is considered here under the heading of the semi-complex sentence of
attributive complication on the ground of its natural relation to the complex sentence with an attributive
subordinate clause, similar to any common semi-complex sentence of the type in question. The apo-koinou
construction should be classed as a familiar colloquialism of occasional use.
§ 6. Semi-complex sentences of adverbial complication are derived from two base sentences one of which,
the insert sentence, is predicatively reduced and embedded in an adverbial position of the other one, the matrix
sentence. E.g.:
The task was completed. + The task seemed a very easy one. > The task, when completed, seemed a very
easy one. The windows were closed. + She did not hear the noise in the street. > The windows being closed,
she did not hear the noise in the street.
The subject of the insert sentence may be either identical with that of the matrix sentence (the first of the
above examples) or not identical with it (the second example). This feature serves as the first fundamental basis
for classifying the semi-complex sentences in question, since in the derived adverbial semi-clause the identical
subject is dropped out and the non-identical subject is preserved. It will be reasonable to call the adverbial
semi-clause of the first type (i.e. referring to the subject of the dominant clause) the "conjoint" semi-clause. The
adverbial complicator expansion of the second type (i.e. having its own subject) is known under the name of the
"absolute construction" (it will further be referred to as "abso-lutive").
The given classification may be formulated for practical purposes as the "rule of the subject", which will run
as follows: by adver-bializing semi-complexing the subject of the insert sentence is deleted if it is identical with
the subject of the matrix sentence.
The other classificational division of adverbial semi-clauses concerns the representation of the predicate
position. This position is only partially predicative, the role of the partial predicate being performed by the
participle, either present or past. The participle is derived from the finite verb of the insert sentence; in other
words, the predicate of the insert sentence is participialized in the semi-clause. Now, the participle-predicate of
the adverbial semi-clause may be dropped out if the insert sentence presents a nominal or existential
construction (the finite verb be). Thus, in accord with this feature of their outer structure, adverbial semi-
clauses are divided into participial and non-participial. E.g.:
One day Kitty had an accident. + She was swinging in the garden. > One day Kitty had an accident while
swinging in the garden. (The participle is not to be deleted, being of an actional character.) He is very young. +
He is quite competent in this field. > Though being very young, he is quite competent in this field. > Though
very young, he is quite competent in this field. (The participle can be deleted, being of a linking nature.) She
spoke as if being in a dream. > She spoke as if in a dream. (The predicate can be deleted, since it is
expressed by the existential be)
The two predicate types of adverbial semi-clauses, similar to the two subject types, can be briefly
presented by the "rule of the predicate" as follows: by adverbializing semi-complexing the verb-predicate of
the insert sentence is participialized, and may be deleted if it is expressed by be.
Conjoint adverbial semi-clauses are either introduced by adverbial subordinator conjunctions or joined to
the dominant clause asyndeti-cally. The adverbial semantics expressed is temporal, broader local, causal,
conditional, comparative. Cf. syndetic introduction of adverbial semi-clauses:
He was silent as if not having heard the call. >... as if he had not heard the call Read on unless told
otherwise. >... unless you are told otherwise. Although kept out of the press, the event is widely known in the
diplomatic circles. > Although it is kept out of the press... When in London, the tourists travelled in double-
deckers. > When they were in London...
Asyndetic introduction of adverbial semi-clauses is characteristic of temporal and causal constructions. Cf.:
Working on the book, the writer travelled much about the country. > When working on the book...
Dialling her number, she made a mistake. > While dialling her number... Being tired, I could not accept the
invitation. > As I was tired...
As for the absolutive adverbial semi-clauses, they are joined to the dominant clause either asyndetically, or,
mostly for the purpose of emphasis, by the conjunction with. The adverbial semantics of the absolutive
compicator expansion is temporal, causal, and attendant-circumstantial. E.g.:
Everything being settled, Moyra felt relieved. > As everything was settled... Two days having elapsed, the
travellers set out on their way. > When two days had elapsed... With all this work waiting for me, I can't afford
to join their Sunday outing. > As all this work is waiting for me...