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The first of them is formed by merger complex sentences, i.e. sentences with subject and predicative
subordinate clauses.
The subordinate clausal part of the merger monolyth complex, as has been shown above (see § 2), is fused
with its principal clause. The corresponding construction of syntactic anticipation should also be considered
under this beading. Cf.:
It was at this point that Bill had come bustling into the room. > (*) It was at this point -...
The second subtype of complex sentences in question is formed by constructions whose subordinate clauses
are dependent on the obligatory right-hand valency of the verb in the principal clause. We can tentatively call
these constructions "valency" monolyth complexes. Here belong complexes with object clauses and valency-
determined adverbial clauses: from the point of view of subordinative cohesion they are alike. Cf.:
I don't know when ’m beaten. > (*) I don't know -... Put the book where you've taken it from. > (*) Put the
book-... Her first shock was when she came down. > (*) Her first shock was -...
The third subtype of monolythic complex sentences is formed by constructions based on subordinative
correlations - "correlation" monolythic complexes. E.g.:
His nose was as unkindly short as his upper lip was long. You will enjoy such a sight as you are not likely
to see again. The more I think of it, the more I'm convinced of his innocence.
Restrictive attributive clauses should be included into this subtype of correlation monolyths irrespective of
whether or not their correlation scheme is explicitly expressed. Cf.:
This is the same report as was submitted last week. This is the report that was submitted last week.
Finally, the fourth subtype of monolythic complex sentences is formed by constructions whose obligatory
connection between the principal and subordinate clauses is determined only by the linear order of clausal
positions. Cf.:
If he comes, tell him to wait. > (*) If he comes -...
As is easily seen, such "arrangement" monolyfhic complexes are not "organically" monolythic, as different
from the first three monolyth subtypes; positional re-arrangement deprives them of this quality, changing the
clausal connection from obligatory into optional:
Tell him to wait tf he comes. > Tell him to wait.
The rest of the complex sentences are characterized by segregative structure, the maximum degree of
syntactic option being characteristic of subordinative parenthetical connection.
§ 10. Complex sentences which have two or more subordinate clauses discriminate two basic types of
subordination arrangement: parallel and consecutive.
Subordinate clauses immediately referring to one and the same principal clause are said to be subordinated
"in parallel" or "co-subordinated". Parallel subordination may be both homogeneous and heterogeneous. For
instance, the two clauses of time in the following complex sentence, being embedded on the principle of
parallel subordination, are homogeneous - they depend on the same element (the principal clause as a whole),
are connected with each other coordi-natively and perform the same function:
When he agrees to hear me, and when we have spoken the matter over, I'll tell you the result.
Homogeneous arrangement is very typical of object clauses expressing reported speech. E.g.:
Mrs. Lewin had warned her that Cadover was an extraordinary place, and that one must never be
astonished by anything (A. Huxley).
By heterogeneous parallel subordination, co-subordinate clauses mostly refer to different elements in the
principal clause. E.g.:
The speakers who represented different nations and social strata were unanimous in their call for peace
which is so ardently desired by the common people of the world.
As different from parallel subordination, consecutive subordination presents a hierarchy of clausal levels. In
this hierarchy one subordinate clause is commonly subordinated to another, making up an uninterrupted
gradation. This kind of clausal arrangement may be called "direct" consecutive subordination. E.g.:
I've no idea why she said she couldn't call on us at the time I had suggested.
Alongside direct consecutive subordination there is another form of clausal hierarchy which is formed
without an immediate domination of one subordinate clause over another. For instance, this is the case when the
principal clause of a complex multi-level sentence is built up on a merger basis, i.e. includes a subject or
predicative clause. E.g.:
What he saw made him wince as though he had been struck.
In the cited sentence the comparative subordinate clause is dominated by the whole of the principal clause
which includes a subordinate prepositional unit in its syntactic position of the subject. Thus, the subordinative
structure of the sentence is in fact consecutive, though not directly consecutive. .This type of hierarchical