Navigation bar
  Print document Start Previous page
 108 of 178 
Next page End  

108
Functional phrases of such and like character constitute limited groups supplementing the corresponding
subsets of regular one-item functional words, as different from notional phrases which, as free combinations,
form essentially open subsets of various semantic destinations.
§  2. Groupings of notional words fall into two mutually opposite types by their grammatical and semantic
properties.
Groupings of the first type are constituted by words related to one another on an equal rank, so that, for a
case of a two-word combination, neither of them serves as a modifier of the other. Depending on this feature,
these combinations can be called "equipotent".
Groupings of the second type are formed by words which are syntactically unequal in the sense that, for a
case of a two-word combination, one of them plays the role of a modifier of the other. Due to this feature,
combinations of the latter type can be called "dominational".
§  3. Equipotent connection in groupings of notional words is realised either with the help of conjunctions
(syndetically), or without the help of conjunctions (asyndetically). Cf.: prose and poetry, came and went; on the
beach or in the water; quick but not careless; no sun, no moon; playing, chatting, laughing; silent, immovable,
gloomy; Mary's, not John's.
In the cited examples, the constituents of the combinations form logically consecutive connections that are
classed as coordinative. Alongside these, there exist equipotent connections of a non-consecutive type, by
which a sequential element, although equal to the foregoing element by its formal introduction (coordinative
conjunction), is unequal to it as to the character of nomination. The latter-type of equipotent connections is
classed as "cumulative".
The term "cumulation" is commonly used to mean connections between separate sentences. By way of
restrictive indications, we may speak about "inner cumulation", i.e. cumulation within the sentence, and,
respectively, "outer cumulation".
Cumulative connection in wrijting is usually signalled by some intermediary punctuation stop, such as a
comma or a hyphen. Cf.: Eng. agreed, but reluctantly; quick - and careless; satisfied, or nearly so. Russ. сыт,
но не очень; согласен, или почти согласен; дал - да неохотно.
Syndetic connection in a word-combination can alternate with asyndetic connection, as a result of which the
whole combination can undergo a semantically motivated subgrouping. Cf.:
He is a little man with irregular features, soft dark eyes and a soft voice, very shy, with a gift of mimicry and
a love of music (S. Maugham).
In enumerative combinations the last element, in distinction to the foregoing elements, can be introduced by
a conjunction, which underlines the close of the syntagmatic series. Cf.:
All about them happy persons were enjoying the good things of life, talking, laughing, and making merry
(S. Maugham).
    The same is true about combinations formed by repetition. E.g.:
There were rows of books, books and books everywhere.
§ 4. Dominational connection, as different from equipotent connection, is effected in such a way that one of
the constituents of the combination is principal (dominating) and the other is subordinate (dominated). The
principal element is commonly called the "kernel", "kernel element", or "head-word"; the subordinate element,
respectively, the "adjunct", "adjunct-word", "expansion".
Dominational connection is achieved by different forms of the word (categorial agreement, government),
connective words (prepositions, i.e. prepositional government), word-order.
Dominational connection, like equipotent connection, can be both consecutive and cumulative. Cf:. a careful
observer-
-an observer, seemingly careful; definitely out of the point-
-out of the point, definitely, will be
helpful in any case- -will be helpful, at least in some cases.
The two basic types of dominational connection are bilateral (reciprocal, two-way) domination and
monolateral (one-way) domination. Bilateral domination is realized in predicative connection of words, while
monolateral domination is realized in completive connection of words.
§  5. The predicative connection of words, uniting the subject and the predicate, builds up the basis of the
Сайт создан в системе uCoz