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3. Questions. These are “yes-no” questions functioning as exclamations owing to the falling tone in speaking
and an exclamation mark in writing. The most common pattern has a negative question form with the operator
heavily stressed.
Isn’t it funny! (How funny it is!)
Wasn’t it a funny story! (What a funny story it was!)
Doesn’t she sing beautifully! (How beautifully she sings!)
A positive “yes-no” question has not only the falling tone but also stress on both the operator and the
subject.
He said he had to talk. Did he surprise me! (How he surprised me!) Am I fired! (I am very tired)
4. Pseudo-subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunctions if and that.
If only I were young again!
That this should be the result!
5. One-member sentences conveying signals of alarm such as Fire! Bandits! and highly emotional infinitive
or nominal one-member sentences followed by a clause.
To think that she should have said so!
The idea that they should have behaved like this!
NON-SENTENCE UTTERANCES
§ 23. There are utterances which do not constitute sentences (non-sentence utterances). They are:
1. Vocatives.
Charles?
Mr West!
2. “Yes-no” utterances. These are mostly responses to “yes-no” questions.
Are you coming? - Yes/No.
3. Interjections.
Hi! (Hey!) Oh!
Dear me! - Боже мой!
Look here! - Послушай!
Well, I never! - Вот те на! Вот так так! Ну и ну!
Goodness gracious! - Боже мой! Господи! Вот те на!
4. Different conversational formulas.
Thanks.
Good-bye.
Bye-bye.
NEGATION
§ 24. Both structural and communicative types of sentences fall into affirmative sentences and negative