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between closely related independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunctions; and (c) before
coordinating conjunctions linking independent clauses that require a number of internal commas.
(a) In one day the indefatigable candidate campaigned in Vail, Colorado; Columbus, Ohio; Nashville,
Tennessee; and Teaneck, New Jersey.
(b) On the one hand, demand is steadily decreasing; on the other, production keeps inexplicably increasing.
(c) The overture begins with a brooding, mournful passage in the strings and woodwinds, one of the
composer's most passionate statements; but the piece concludes with a burst of lively, spirited, almost comic
music in the brass and percussion.
11. Square brackets ([])
Square brackets are used: (a) for a parenthesis within a parenthesis where necessary to avoid two pairs of
parentheses;
(b) to enclose interpolations in quotations; and (c) to indicate missing or unverified data in documentation.
(a) (The quote can be found in chapter 6 [page 5] of the text).
(b) Johnson quotes Jones as saying that «he never [gives] anyone a chance».
UNIT 4. THE CONJUNCTIONS OR CONNECTORS OF ENGLISH
(from «Let's write English» by Wishon and Burks)
Like the preposition, the English conjunction or connector is a small but highly important word - a pair of
words in the case of the correlative conjunctions - that establishes meaningful relationship between the parts of
the English sentence. These parts may be independent clauses with which similar clauses are connected by
coordinating conjunctions, or they may be clauses that express some limiting qualification of the independent
clause that make them subordinate to it. The nature of this relationship is expressed in the meaning of the word
or words used as connectors. A number of adverbs, called conjunctive adverbs or relative adverbs, are also used
as connectors with this same coordinating or subordinating function.
The following list of connectors is extensive, but there are a number of words included that would not
normally be used except in the case of quite specialized writing, as, for example, in legal text, or in writing that
is imitative of an older style. Hence a standard English dictionary will be the guide as to the various differences
in meaning.
The relative pronouns who, which, what, that and their variant forms also are used as subordinating
connectors of noun clauses.
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and else or yet
but nor still
2. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS USED AS COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
also
besides
consequently
for
furthermore
hence
henceforth
however
likewise
moreover
nevertheless
notwithstanding
now
otherwise
so
then
thence
thenceforth
therefore
thus
yet
3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS