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c. Indirectly, we learn the fact that something hard to do has been ___________ (one word).
d. Why does the speaker set up the contrast? (Why doesn't he just state the fact?)
4. It isn't because I disagree with your views that I can't accept what you say, but because I don't see that
you've managed to substantiate them properly.
a. The speaker is justifying his own decision. What decision has he made?
b. Does he disagree with the views of the person he is addressing?
. Has that person tried to substantiate his views?
d. Has he succeeded?
5. Hardly had she begun doing something about it when they warned her not to. Did she mind? Never had it
been easier to do nothing!
a. Did she begin?
b. «Not to» — what?
c. Did she mind — what?
d. What did she find it easy to do?
8.3 Consider the following:
1. What risk is the writer taking when he uses indirection, instead of just saying what he means as directly
and clearly as possible?
2. Under what circumstances might a writer (or speaker) want to make it harder for his reader (or listener) to
quickly grasp exactly what he is saying?
UNIT 9. IMPLICATION
9.1 By his choice of words, his choice of language, a writer often implies more than is actually printed on
the page. What is the meaning implied by each of the following quotations?
1. Women's intuition is the result of millions of years of not thinking. (Rupert Hughes).
2. Whatever women do, they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily that is not
difficult. (Charlotte Whitton, Mayor of Ottawa).
3. I am glad that I am not a man as I should then be obliged to marry a woman. (Madame de Stael).
4. Women are most fascinating between the ages of 35 and 40, after they have won a few races and know
how to pace themselves. Since few women ever pass 40, maximum fascination can continue indefinitely.
(Christian Dior).
5. There must be some women who are not liars. (W. Somerset Maugham)
6. Women are like gods. They have one face for their worshippers and one for their rivals. (source unknown)
UNIT 10. TYPES OF AMBIGUITY
1. Joe: «My hobby is sailing ships».
John: «Personally, I prefer flying kites». Jack: «How about flying saucers?»
a. Can any of these speakers be sure that he knows what the others are talking about?
b. What's the problem?