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19
express a given quality .
a.
Position the following set of words on the continuum going from too little (insufficient) to too much
(superfluous)..
An Insufficient Amount A Superfluous Amount
generous, bountiful, ample, scarce, plentiful, sufficient, excessive, impoverished, adequate, lavish, deficient,
sparse, skimpy, profuse, substantial, meagre, adequate, limited, abundant
If we want to strengthen or weaken a value word, we can choose an emphasizer to make it even stronger, or
a downtoner to make it weaker.
b. Place the following sets of emphasizers on a continuum:
Emphasizers: certainly, definitely, fully, terribly, thoroughly, absolutely, completely, entirely, enormously,
intensely, etc.
c. Place the following sets of downtoners on a continuum.
Downtoners: partly, almost, slightly, hardly, moderately, scarcely, possibly, quite, somewhat, rather, etc..
Combine words from a. and b. and a. and c. to illustrate the strengthening or weakening effect.
8.8 Place each of the following word sets on a scale as indicated . A scale of:
1. size — from small to large
huge, immense, microscopic, giant, minuscule, considerable, gargantuan, titanic, mammoth, miniature,
massive, dwarf-like, average, colossal, infinitesimal
2. probability — from improbable to likely
feasible, apt, likely, certain, definite, doubtful, conclusive, sure, impossible, decided, possible
3. frequency — from infrequent to frequent
often, seldom, occasionally, never, once in a while, eventually, rarely, hardly ever, sometimes, hardly
4. quantity — from a little to a lot
much, many, few, hardly any, a mere few, a lot more than, most, a mere handful, the bulk of, the majority,
massive amounts, some, several, a minority, not more than, somewhat less than, an infinite amount, countless,
innumerable, numberless
5. quality — from inferior to superior
excellent, shabby, precious, rare, poor, genuine, good, feeble, sophisticated, crude, fine, rough
6. development — from increasing to decreasing
magnify, enlarge, minimize, supplement, multiply, augment, swell, reduce, prolong, diminish, expand,
extend, amplify, maximize, shrink, condense, contract, miniaturize
7. disagreement/agreement — from, disagreement to agreement
balance, accord, discord, concord, confluence, harmony, concurrence, unanimity, cooperation, disharmony,
disunity, dissonance, congruence, consensus, dissent, dissention, controversy
8 helpfulness — from hidrance to help,
benefit, hindrance, impediment, prevention, support, aid, prophylactic, assistance, obstruction, restraint,
restriction, furtherance, repression, suppression, fosterage, sponsorship
9. achievement — from failure to success
attainment, failure, success, accomplishment, prosperity, fulfillment, realization, completion, perfection,
consummation, triumph, breakdown, downfall, collapse, crash
8.9 Male/Female Words
While English is not considered a «gender» language in the sense that all words are specifically «marked»
masculine or feminine, there are some words that are specifically masculine or feminine.
Place the following words in the appropriate column: «male», «female», or «unmarked». Indicate whether
any of these words have any further specified meaning. (E.g. mullah — male [ in Islamic countries), title of
respect for a person who is learned in, teaches or expounds the sacred law; ii. [in Turkey] a provincial judge.)
queen
minister
mother
priest