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6.7 Productive word parts — Chaining 
Circle the part of the word which is repeated in the adjacent word. Explain the meaning of the word part in
the word.
socialism     sociology         biology
theism                                  biography 
theocracy     democracy      demography
Can you determine the meaning of the following words by analysing their parts?
atheism, atypical, specialize, nationalize, synthesize, summarize, bibliography, chronology, terminology?
Can you make up a new chain?
6.8 Creation of new words
On the basis of your knowledge of the words in Column I can you make an «educated» guess about the
meaning of the (invented) words alongside them? (It is acceptable to invent a word when no word exists as yet
for the concept you have in mind.)
Column I
1. cafeteria groceteria, washeteria
2. hierarchy «lowerarchy»
3. channel  chunnel
4. tunnel    hamburger pizzaburger, fishburger, soyaburger
5. shortages longages*
What do you think «ruburban» or «comdramatist» might mean?
* See «Filters Against Folly,» in Part III
6.9 Web of Relationships
Can you access the meaning of the words in the web in relation to the base word in the center?
apathetic                          pathology empathy                                   pathologist — patho —
sympathy              pathogenic pathological           pathos           apathy
6.10 Word parts — variable/invariable meaning Prefixes. How many of the following prefixes do you
know? Indicate the meaning of each prefix and suggest a word in which it appears.
a, ambi, amphi, auto, bene, by, circu, circum, , col, corn, con, contra, de, dis, dys, e, ex, en, entre, inter,
intra, hyper, hypo, it, im, in, infra, ir, macro, micro, maxi midi, mini, mis, non, off, out, over, pan, pre, pro,
pseudo, quasi, re, retro, sym, syn, ultra, under, vice, with.
6.11 Who Can Count??? (Word elements having numerical meaning)*
Identify the numerical elements in each of the following words. Make a number chart ranging from the
smallest unit to the largest.
* (See also, «Quantitative prefixes» in Unit 1 of WP Appendix, [Section X]).
monarchy, bilateral, pentagon, septuagint, decade, quadraplegic, centennial, primary, hemisphere,
dichotomy, unified, trimester, quadrant, quintuplet, semicolon, millenium, octagonal, hexagon, septet, octave,
decalogue, trilogy, monopoly, sextet, omnipotent, polygamous,multiracial, myriad, oligarchy, twilight, twice,
twins.
SECTION VII
A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO WORD STUDY
A) Contextual clues to the meaning of the words in the sentence.
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